Encouragement or coercion

In Victoria, sentence indication schemes have evoked a range of attitudes from lawyers and the judiciary. Available in the Magistrates Court since 1992 without any legislative backing, the scheme was given a legislative footing and expanded to the higher courts as a pilot project in 2008 following a Sentencing Advisory Council report. In 2010, the council report on the pilot recommended continuation of the sentence indication scheme and the government implemented that recommendation by repealing the sunset provision that previously hung over the sentence indication clauses.

Despite this brief history of gradual acceptance of sentence indication processes, the higher Victorian courts have been generally cautious about sentence indication. They have cited concerns about judicial independence, the risk of plea bargaining and the involvement of the judge in an accused's plea decisions. Guariglia v R [2010] VSCA 343 is the latest example of this caution.

Abolition of sentencing double jeopardy

One of the major reforms introduced by the Criminal Procedure Act 2009 was the abolition of the sentencing principle of double jeopardy. This principle historically acted as a fetter on Crown appeals against sentence and, in the words of the then-Attorney General:

This existing common-law consideration can distort sentencing practices because the sentence imposed by the Court of Appeal will not reflect the sentence that it considers should have been imposed in the first place. This can reduce the guidance provided by Court of Appeal sentences to other courts and the effectiveness of DPP appeals against sentence.

Further, this approach does not take into account other relevant and counterbalancing policy considerations, such as the interests of the community and the victim, in the courts sentencing offenders to appropriate sentences.

In DPP v Karazisis, Bogtstra and Kontoklotsis, specially convened court of five considered the operation of ss287, 289 and 290 of the Criminal Procedure Act 2009.

The meaning of 'sentence'

Ludeman, Thomas & French v R is the first five-judge bench decision on the meaning of the new appeal provisions in the Criminal Procedure Act 2009. The court held that the right to appeal 'a sentence' and the provisions governing when the court may grant leave or allow the appeal, apply to:

• The recording of a conviction;
• The individual sentences;
• Any concurrency or cumulation orders associated with individual sentences; 
• The non-parole period;
• An aggregate sentence;
• Superannuation orders;
• Restitution orders; and
• Compensation orders.

However, the provisions do not apply to what is conventionally called the 'total effective sentence'.

The endangered charter

With the election of the Ballieu liberal government at the recent state election, the Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 would seem to have entered the endangered species list. Before and during the campaign, then-shadow Attorney General Robert Clark stated that the Charter needed to be repealed or radically altered. In The Australian's legeal affairs section yesterday, we saw a tag-team effort by Peter Faris and Mirko Bagaric to support the repeal of the Charter.

Corporate identity, statutory interpretation and keywords

Monday 29 November 2010 has been a busy day for Victorians. After a long wait, John Brumby conceded defeat in the Victorian state election. However, while politics tragics may have been waiting most of the day with bated breath, criminal law geeks received a feast of decisions from the Court of Appeal. Three in particular deserve special mention.

Children, crime and mental illness

Patrick McGorry has been in the news a lot this year since he was named Australian of the year, for his work highlighting the poor state of mental health services for children. Sadly, there is an all too common link between crime and mental illness. In its more serious forms, mental illness can rob a person of the chance to meaningfully participate in a trial. For that reason, Part 2 of the Crimes (Mental Impairment and Unfitness to be Tried) Act 1997 deals with the issue of what a court should do in that situation. Unfortunately, as CL (A minor) v Lee [2010] VSC 517 demonstrates, the law is not entirely thorough in its coverage of youth unfitness.

VLA's response to Rapke's global challenge

The Sentencing Act 1991 specifies a number of factors a court must have regard to when sentencing for an offence, the first three of which are:

(a)  the maximum penalty prescribed for the offence; and
(b)  current sentencing practices; and
(c)  the nature and gravity of the offence; and

In several cases through 2008 - 2010, the Court of Appeal has expressed concern about the adequate of current sentencing practices, in light of the prescribed maximum penalty for the offence. The Court has consistently stated that, in the interests of procedural fairness, the Court cannot hear arguments about the adequacy of sentencing practices for the first time on an appeal.

Confiscation and human rights

While Victoria waits with general indifference for the commencement of the Confiscation Act 2010 (some time before January 2012), the Supreme Court has handed down DPP v Ali (No 2) [2010] VSC 503, concerning the operation of the current scheme and the effect of the Charter. Section 38 of the Confiscation Act 1997 allows the DPP to seek confiscation of restrained property if-

Don't mention the Charter

Update - Dr Manhatten has also discussed this case - http://www.summarycrime.com/2010/11/wells-v-queen-no-2-charter-points-not.html

In my first post on this blog, I discussed the Court of Appeal's refusal to answer questions referred to it under s33 of the Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006. Last Thursday, the court sought to dissuade practitioners from using another avenue to obtain early and authoritative answers to questions arising under the Charter.

The limited value of specified sentence discounts

In Sharkey v R [2010] VSCA 273, one of the recent flurry of non-precedential appeals, Ashely JA remarked that

... this is yet another instance in which, despite an early plea of guilty and accepted remorse, a sentencing judge made a s 6AAA declaration which reveals, on its face, a minimal discount in the sentence passed in recognition of the plea. The revealed discount is indicative sentencing error. But it is unnecessary to decide whether, on that account alone, the sentencing discretion should be re-opened; because the respondent accepts that the sentence passed on the count of armed robbery was outside the range.

In contrast, the Court of Appeal in Scerri v R [2010] VSCA 287, the Court rejected a ground of appeal that the judge erred by imposing a discount of only 20% for a plea of guilty. The Court stated (footnotes omitted):

Recklessness and indifference

The law recognises a significant difference between intention and recklessness. An intention involves an actual desire to achieve an outcome, while recklessness involves an awareness that conduct is likely to produce a certain result. The High Court's classic judgment in Crabbe v R (1985) 156 CLR 464 states that:

Appeals without precedent

Yesterday was a busy day for the Court of Appeal. Ashley and Weinberg JJA handed down 4 separate sentence appeal decisions, all of which contained the following peculiar catchword

Appeal decision without precedent value

The decisions were all highly fact-based, though Dow v R [2010] VSCA 274 and Sharkey v R [2010] VSCA 273 both adverted to the issue of how declarations of guilty plea discount can be used as a ground of appeal.

Not all laws are equal

As most lawyers are aware, manslaughter by an unlawful and dangerous act is a common law offence that occurs, in broad terms, when a person unintentionally causes the death of another by an unlawful act which a reasonable person in the position of the accused would have realised would expose another person to an appreciable risk of serious injury. Courts have, however, expressed various views on what is an 'unlawful act' for this purpose. In particular, before a dedicated offence of culpable driving existed, there was debate on whether the multiplicity of driving offences in various road safety acts and regulations could constitute an unlawful act.

The high point in Australia for excluding driving offences from the unlawful act doctrine appears to be R v Rau [1972] Tas SR 59, where Burbury CJ states:

The human cost of appeals and the limits of judicial review

Last week, Justice Ross handed down his decision in Priest v West, the first Victorian Supreme Court decision reviewing a coroner's decision on the application of s57 of the Coroners Act 2008. That provision, which is closely modelled on s128 of the Uniform Evidence Act, preserves the privilege against self-incrimination in coronial inquests, but allows coroners to override the privilege while providing the witness with a certificate that guarantees use immunity and derivative use immunity to the evidence.

Adjournments and alternatives

Four days before a scheduled hearing to give evidence as primary prosecution witness in a road rage incident, Ms Venner was admitted to hospital for emergency surgery. Dutifully, she notified the informant that she would not be available, who then, one day before the hearing, notified the defendant that the police would apply for an adjournment and, in the alternative, would apply under s65 of the Evidence Act for the court to receive her police statement. These are the facts underlying DPP v Easwaralingam.

Surprisingly in those circumstances, the defendant opposed both applications, the Magistrate knocking back the adjournment application because

The media and the law

The Australian's Chris Merrit has had a good week reporting on Chief Justice Marilyn Warren's Richard Searby oration. By my count, there have been at least three separate reports and the oration has prompted one editorial in the Australian. The Sydney Morning Herald and the Age have also gotten in on the act, publishing edited extracts of the speech and on Friday the Herald Sun joined the chorus.

Though while scorekeeping can be an interesting game in itself, the more interesting part concerns the particular responses of the media.

Say again

After almost 2 years of operation, we finally have some appellate guidance on the meaning of s66(2A) of the Uniform Evidence Act. In R v XY, the New South Wales Court of Criminal Appeal confirmed that the section was effective in doing what it was created to do - To wind back the unduly restrictive interpretation the High Court gave the expression 'fresh in the memory' in Graham v R.

Warning: The following contains some details of sexual offending against a child and may distress some readers.

Victim impact statements and judicial sensitivity

The last 24 hours has seen the Herald Sun and affiliated newspapers run an article on the drama that unfolded during the sentencing hearing of Leon Borthwick. The article is available here.

The Facts
On 16 November 2008, Mark Zimmer was killed when he was struck by a van driven by Leon Borthwick. Borthwick was charged with murder and after a trial, was convicted by a jury of manslaughter. Yesterday, Kornelia Zimmer sought to read parts of her victim impact statement. Borthwick's counsel, Carmen Randazzo objected to several lines on the basis of relevance. Justice Katherine Williams agreed and directed that certain passages in the statement be admitted.

Today, Kornelia Zimmer took to the airwaves to share the omitted portions of her statement with 3AW's listeners.

Public punitiveness and judicial minimalism

WCB v R is an interesting example of the judiciary's willingness to engage in the public debate concerning sentencing standards (summary of reasons available here).

The bulk of the judgment concerns the following ground of appeal:

The learned sentencing judge erred in sentencing the appellant on the basis that ‘The community would expect you to be imprisoned for a lengthy period.

Statements of this nature are quite common in sentencing remarks. As the judgment records at [36], courts have often spoken of the community's justifiable concern about sexual abuse of children, and the need to respond to such concern with appropriately severe penalties.

Despite this straightforward point, the court spends 15 pages responding to one reasonable simple ground of appeal. The analysis includes:

The wrong question

Giuseppe De Simone, property developer, ice-cream lover and human rights campaigner, has had another unsuccessful experience in the Court of Appeal.

Last Friday, in De Simone v Bevnol Constructions, the Court knocked back Mr De Simone's latest attempt to obtain a stay of civil proceedings concerning a dispute over the construction of a retirement village in Ocean Grove. The case concerns the principles from McMahon v Gould, and the power of an inferior court or tribunal to refer questions of law to the Supreme Court.